Variable capacity rotary fluid motor



May 27, 1952 Filed May 17, 1946 A. L. HAYN ES VARIABLE CAPACITY ROTARY' FLUID MOTOR 2 SHEETS-SHEET l ALEX L. HAYNES INVENTOR. CW-120M- ATTORNEYS.

May 27, 1952 Filed May' 17, 194e 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 44 Il /"37 l /fa \L I /:\/ae

67 ALEX L. HAYNES 3 INVENTOR.

84 BY fi MW.

TW any ATTORNEYQ Patented May 27, 1952 VARIABLE CAPACITY ROTARY FLUID MOTOR Alex L. Haynes, Detroit, Mich., assigner to Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Application May 17, 1946, Serial No. 670,641

l Claim. 1

This invention relates generally to a hydraulic transmission, and more particularly to a hydraulic transmission for transmitting power from the engine of a motor vehicle to the road wheels thereof.

An object of the present invention is to provide a hydraulic transmission for transmitting speed and torque from a vehicle engine to the road wheels, and to eliminate the usual mechanical transmission, gearshift lever, universal joints, propeller shaft, differential, rear axle and other associated mechanical parts. It is another object of the invention to provide a transmission of this type which is sensitive to both speed and torque variations and which automatically establishes the most eiiicient and effective ratio between the engine and the road wheels.

Another object of the invention is to provide a hydraulic transmission for transmitting speed and torque from the engine to the road wheels, and which is equipped with suitable automatic controls for varying the ratio between the engine and wheels in a continuous and infinitely variable manner, as .distinguished from the conventional intermittent or step shifting of the gear ratio in the conventional mechanical transmission. The invention therefore provides smooth, steady and flexible operation of the vehicle, and continuously variable acceleration and deceleration are possible without the operation of any manual controls by the driver and with a smoothness unobtainable with other systems.

Another advantage is that the invention can readily be adapted to any type of Variable displacement iiuid drive, and is not limited to use with any particular type of fluid pump or fluid motor. The controls can be applied to either a variable displacement pump or, as disclosed in this application, to a Variable displacement motor located at a road wheel. The controls are sensitive to load variations, and upon an increased load function to automatically increase the displacement of the fluid motor and to thereby increase the torque and decrease the speed at the road wheel. Conversely, upon a decrease in the load or torque requirement, the displacement of the fluid motor is automatically decreased resulting in increasing the speed and decreasing the torque delivered from the engine to the wheel. At the same time the device is sensitive to speed variations and functions upon increased wheel speeds to automatically decrease the displacement of the motor, and conversely, upon decreasing wheel speeds to increase the displacement. The speed and torque responsive controls are so coordinated in the present invention` that they function in definite relation to each other and cause the variable mechanism of the variable displacement fluid motor to be progressively varied through an infinite number of steps Vuntil an equilibrium is reached between the torque responsive control and the speed responsive control depending upon the particular vspeed and torque requirements at the moment.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a hydraulic transmission for a motorvehicle which includes a compact unit mounted upon an independent suspension at each' of the driven road wheels, each such unit comprising a variable displacement fluid motor equipped with speed and torque responsive control means Yand adapted to drive the road wheel. With this arrangement, the speed and torque at each driven road Wheel is automatically adjusted to meet the particular requirements at all times, thus providing an exceptionally eiective and efficient drive for the vehicle.

A further object is to provide means forautomatically overriding the speed responsive controls during extreme throttle positions to `increase the displacement of the iiud motor and to obtain the fullest advantage of the power available under those conditions. Thus, even though the fluid pressure in the system decreases as the brake mean effective pressure diminishes `after passing its peak at partial throttle and less than full engine speed, the proper control can be maintained to automatically secure maximum performance.

Other advantages of the invention will be made more apparent as this description proceeds, particularly when considered in connection with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

Figure l is a semi-diagrammatic plan View of an automobile chassis equipped with the hydraulic transmission of the present` invention.

Figure 2 is an enlarged end elevation of one of the fluid motor units, as seen in the direction of the arrows 2 2 of Figure l.

Figure 3 is a fragmentary cross sectional View taken substantially on the plane indicated by the line 3 3 of Figure 2, and also showing in semidiagrammatic fashion portions of the accelerator mechanism.

Chassis arrangement Referring now more particularly to the drawings, there is shown in Figure l a plan view 'of an automobile chassis having the usual frame I-I. internal combustion engine l2, steerable front Hydraulic system A main delivery or pressure conduit 6 I extends from the contant displacement pump I6 and -communicates with the branch supply conduits 33 to deliver iiuid under pressure to the uid motors at the rear wheels. Fluid communication is also established between the cylinders 31 at the Wheel motors and the branch supply conduits 33 by means of conduits 44. In this manner, the fluid pressure vof the system is applied to the pistons 39 in the cylinders 31, and inasmuch as the pressure in the system varies in direct relation with the load or torque at the rear wheels I4, it will be seen that a torque sensitive control is provided for the wheel motors.

The branch return conduits 34 from the wheel motors communicate with a main return conduit 63 to return the exhausted fluid to the pump I6. A bypass circuit is provided for the system to bypass the Wheel motors and to prevent the rear wheels I4 from being driven when it is desired to hold the vehicle stationary withl the engine idling. This circuit comprises a bypass valve 64 in the main pressure conduit 6| and a bypass conduit 66 extending from the valve 64 to the main return conduit 63. The bypass valve 64 can be connected to the accelerator pedal by conventional means (not shown) to be opened when the accelerator pedal is in its fully released posi- Y tion to bypass the fluid pressure through the bypassV conduit 66. The connection can be arranged so that upon initial application of the accelerator pedal the bypass valve is closed blocking communication with the bypass conduit 66.

A cooling circuit is provided for regulating the temperature of the fluid in the system and is controlled at its opposite ends by a manually operated valve 68 andan automatically operated check valve 69. branch conduit 1I containing a radiator 12 for cooling the fluid, and a branch conduit 13 containing a thermostatically controlled valve 14. Additional uid which may be required for the system due to leakage, etc., is furnished from a reservoir 16 to the radiator 12 through a conduit 11.

The thermostatically controlled valve 14 regulates the now of returned fluid through the radiator 12 to control the cooling of the fluid automatically closing when the uid becomes too hot and forcing the hot uid to now through the radiator to be cooled. The manually controlled valve 68 'is normally open to permit fluid from the main return conduit 63 to enter the cooling circuit, but may be manually controlled by a suitable lever upon the dash of the vehicle in the event it is necessary to start a stalled engine by pushing the vehicle. With the valve 68 closed, and the vehicle being pushed, the Wheel motors I1 function as pumps to pump uid through thel return conduit 63 to the pump I6 which then functions as a motor to drive the engine I2 and to crank the latter to assist in starting. The valve 68 and the check valve 69 function during this operation to prevent fluid pressure from entering the cooling circuit which is connected to atmosphere through the reservoir 16.

Operation` When the engine I2 is running at idling speeds, fluid pressure in the main pressure conduit 6I is bypassed through the valve 64 and conduit 66 to the main return conduit 63, and the piston rod 4I is held by the compression spring 58 in the position shown in Figure 3 in which the swash The cooling circuit includes a L 6. plate 3| is in its position of maximum angularty and maximum displacement. When, however, the accelerator pedal is depressed to increase the speed of the engine, the bypass valve 64 closes and'fluid pressure is supplied to the branch supply conduits 33 and to the Wheel motors I1 and the control cylinders 31. The initial rotationof the cylinder barrel 26 `in the wheel motor housing 24 is effected at the maximum speed ratio between the engine and Wheel since the displacement of the pistons 29 is the greatest. Thus, the maximum torque is available 'for starting. After Wheel I4 begins to rotate, the weights 56 of the governor tend to move the piston rod 4| against the action of the fluid pressure in cylinder 31, and to rotate the swash plate 3| in a counterclockwise direction as seen in Figure 1 through the arm 46, link 48 and lever 49. Mov'ementof the swash plate in this direction decreases the displacement of the pistons29 and consequently increases the speed of rotation of the cylinder barrel 26, axle 21 and wheel I4.

Inasmuch as the :duid pressure in the cylinder 31 is directed proportional to the torque or load at the rear Wheel I4. the cylinder 31 and piston 39 form a torque sensitive control for the swash plate 3|. The governor, being rotated with the rear wheel I4, forms a speed sensitive control which cooperates with the torque sensitive control mentioned above to regulate the angular position of the swash plate and to thus vary the displacement of the motor. Inasmuch as this regulation is continuous the variation of the ratio between the engine and the rear wheels is effected through an infinite number of steps. Furthermore, since the axial p-osition of the piston rod 4I and the angular position of the swash plate 3| are determined by the cooperating action of the speed responsive governor and the torque responsive cylinder and piston, the displacement of the variable displacement fluid motor is automatically adjusted in accordance with the particular speed and torque requirements.

During operation, when the load on the driven wheels |4 is increased or decreased, the fluid pressure in the branch supply conduit 33 is similarly increased or decreased, and this fluid pressure variation is transmitted through the conduit 44 to the cylinder 31. The piston 39 and piston rod 4I will be automatically shifted to a new position of equilibrium with the governor, resulting in changing the angular position of the swash plate and the displacement of the fluid motor and accordingly changing the ratio between the engine and the road wheel to provide the most efficient and effective operation 0f the vehicle.

With the construction thus far described, the controls are both speed and torque responsive, the torque responsive means being governed by the fluid pressure in the system which in turn is proportional to the torque. It is a characteristic of internal combustion engines, however, that the brake mean effective pressure and the torque reach a peak at somewhat less than full engine speed and thereafter decrease as the engine speed increases. Accordingly, during this upper range of operation the pressure in the system is insufficient to automatically provide the most eflicient operation of the fluid motor and to secure the maximum performance. This condition is rectified by the construction shown in semi-diagram- 1 82, 'theflatterhemg suit 1y :secured- -tofthe ..iexible conduit 83. -is..eonnected tothe. inviter. end .of the. ferrule and. forms a. continuation. thereof. 'Ehefferruleand conduit. house a flexi.- ble-Wire element 12.4.1. The enlarged head 3:1.v of a red; 88: s- .freely slideable within .the` rSleeve 3.5 upper end .of .the rod extends. ,through an aperture v89.111 the cap.: and isv suitably se: cured to.- fthe lower. Lend of the piston rpd .41. The eepositeend .ofthe wire .element 84 lisat.- tachedrto a beIl crank lever '91, the upper. arm 92 .of which Yis .bent upwardly. and projects a shortdistance through a Vhole 93 in .the oor board 94k. of:V .the vehicle. accelerator pedal. 9.6. is pivooall-y mounted upon the -floor .board at. 9.1 and; carries.4 r-the. :usual rodv B81 forV actuating .the throttle.

It .will the noted that during the maior .portion of thetravel .of the accelerator '.pedazl 95', the latter does not .engage thearm '92 .of :the'bel-l crank derer, butthatduringextreme. travel .of the accelerator pedal engagement is. made .with the upper endcof the arm-9:2. .to 4notate `thejoel-l. vcrank lever-.andV move thefwireelement .8A against the action of the iretracting spring a99. By the time the throttle has been advanced .to this position vthe speed responsive governor-will normally have moved the .piston rod Ae!- upwardly, as .seen in Egure 3, to its ex.- treme. position, and the .enlarged head .8.7. of `the rod .38 Willbe :adjacent the upper. .end .of the sleeve. Actuation ofY the Wire element .84 by. the accelerator pedal will .thus result :in moving the rod 88. :and vYtlhe piston rod 4l downwardly against lthe action .of the vgovernor to increase ,the displacement of the vWheel motor. The speed responsive governor is .thus overruled duringconditionsfof extreme `throttle .positions so ythat 4the maximum power.of.theengine can .beutilized and a .greater vehicle .torque obtained in .spite ofv the fact .that the speed has increased. It will v'he noted that/.during the .major portion of the normal driving range the .sleeve 285 `is in itsupper position anddoes not interfere with thevnecessa'ry movement of the piston rodslll `andiod 38.

'It .vv-itl -be apparent that not only does the hydfaulicltransmissionof the present invention, fasI described above, .eliminate .numerous `ine'ehanical .parts vnecessary in the conventional motor vvehicle, but that it provides a. ycontinuously variable automaticrtransmission .of (power between the engine -and `the driven Arear wheels and accomplishes this Avvitha minimum of structure. LFPhe wheeLmotors and controls are compactunitsand are mounted upon relatively simple suspension `means -sothatthe systeminfot only lends itself to simplified .vehicle construction and easyfmai-ntenance but also can be manufactured at afoost whichis-not-prohibitve.

VEt UWill #be understood that although the speed and torque responsivescontros have in the present instanereenrowr is me with the weer motors.. i

Whatif lilr @cruel @sans 91* a variable spesse@ @nous @Qmrrsire a @entre arm @enact to vary .the .espletare nt ef 't l a pressure .attested device @we d t0 @6.001.112.1121

.a sourses? @uid Pressure, 'mai'fr einen mentoren.. .tlo orerativlyeeneted to Said C011 3 Saidrortml armaeainst te responsive means in ,a direction to. incl as,e the displameetef Said esteri ALE?? .Lf

.meer

The .following references .are of .record the.. f1.1@ of. this patent: 

